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BOKO HARAM
Prior to the clashes, many Muslim leaders and at least one military official had warned the authorities about Boko Haram. Those warnings were reportedly ignored.
Bauchi is located in Nigeria.
Bauchi
Bauchi (Nigeria)
In the state of Yobe, fighters reportedly "used fuel-laden motorcycles" and "bows with poison arrows" to attack a police station. On 30 July, allegations were made that Yusuf himself was killed by Nigerian security forces after being taken into custody.
In January 2010, the group struck again in the Nigerian state of Borno, killing four people in Dala Alemderi ward in Maiduguri metropolis.
On September 7, 2010, Boko Haram freed over 700 inmates from a prison in Bauchi State.
In December 2010, Boko Haram were blamed for a market bombing, following which 92 of its members were arrested by police.
On Friday January 28, 2011, the Borno state candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP) for the April 2011 gubernatorial elections was assassinated, along with his brother, four police officers and a 12-year old boy. Boko Haram has been blamed for these killings, other commentators have noted that the assasination of the ANPP governorship candidate Mr. Modu Fannami Gubio was politically motivated. No evidence has been offered for Boko Haram's involvement.
On Tuesday February 8, 2011, Boko Haram gave conditions for peace. The radicals demanded that the Borno State Governor, Senator Ali Modu Sheriff, should step down from office with immediate effect and also allow members to reclaim their mosque in Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State. On 9th May 2011 Boko Haram rejected an offer for amnesty made by the governor-elect of Borno state, Kashim Shettima
On March 29, police “thwarted a plot to bomb an [ANPP] election rally” in Maiduguri, Borno State. The threat was blamed on Boko Haram.
On April 1 (the day before the original date of Nigeria’s legislative elections), suspected Boko Haram members attacked a police station in Bauchi.
On April 9, a polling center in Maiduguri was bombed.
On April 15, the Maiduguri office of the Independent National Electoral Commission was bombed, and several people were shot in a separate incident on the same day. Authorities suspected Boko Haram.
On April 20, Boko Haram killed a Muslim cleric and ambushed several police officers in Maiduguri.
On April 22, Boko Haram freed 14 prisoners during a jailbreak in Yola, Adamawa State
Boko Haram was blamed for a series of bombings in northern Nigeria on May 29, 2011 that left 15 dead.
On June 17, 2011, the group claimed responsibility for a bombing attack on the police force headquarters in Abuja that occurred the previous day. Officials believed that the attack was the first suicide bombing in Nigeria's history and that it specifically targeted Police Inspector-General Hafiz Ringim.
On June 26, 2011, the sect carried out a bombing attack on a beer garden in Maiduguri, according to officials and witnesses. Militants on motorcycles threw explosives into the drinking spot, killing about 25 people.
On June 27, 2011, another bombing in Maiduguri attributed to the group killed at least two girls and wounded three customs officials.
On July 03, 2011, a bombing in a beer garden in Maiduguri attributed to the group killed at least twenty people.
On July 10, 2011, a bombing at a church the All Christian Fellowship Church in Suleja, Niger State.
On July 11, 2011, the University of Maiduguri closed its Institution down citing security concerns.
The prominent Muslim Cleric Liman Bana was shot dead by Boko Haram on August 12, 2011. He died after sustaining gunshot wounds while walking home from conducting prayers at the main mosque in Ngala.
On August 26, the UN headquarters in Abuja was blown up by a suicide car bomber, leaving at least 18 dead and dozens more injured and Boko Haram spokesman later claimed responcibility.
MEND
MEND's attacks involve substantially more sophisticated tactics than those of previous militant groups in the Niger Delta. MEND's recent tactics have included:
* Swarm-based maneuvers: guerrillas are using speed boats in the Niger Delta's swamps to quickly attack targets in succession. Multiple, highly maneuverable units have kept the government and Shell's defensive systems off-balance defending their sprawling networks.
* Radically improved firepower and combat training: allowing guerrillas to overpower a combination of Shell's Western-trained private military guards and elite Nigerian units in several engagements. (One of Shell's private military operators was captured as a hostage.)
* Effective use of system disruption: targets have been systematically and accurately selected to completely shut down production and delay and/or halt repairs, and the guerrillas are making effective use of Shell's hostages to coerce both the government and the multinational.
The militants have repeatedly bombed pipelines, triggering an international increase in the cost of oil. They have also kidnapped foreign oil workers.
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