In the past, there were cordial relationship between teachers and students which encouraged learning, academic performance and achievement of students. There was a commitment on the part of teachers, respect and other cultural values were upheld by both parents and students. Teachers are role models to students and an instrument through which students could clamp the ladder of greatness in the society. Now, teacher’s academic support and drilling of students to attain success in all ramifications is diminishing due to certain avoidable factors. Teachers and students convey a range of goals, needs, feelings and behavioral scheme that affect the quality of the relationship they form and influence values of their experiences with one another in the classroom.
It is not an exaggeration to say that teachers and students relationship in Nigeria higher Institutions today requires serious attention if students are to improve their learning process, intellectual change and contribute to societal development. The negative perception of teachers by the majority of students cannot promote a positive relationship. The bad attitude of many students to training is not encouraging as many prioritize their social activities at the expense of their study. Some students take part in associations that are unacceptable in the school community; such as cultism whereby members are terrorizing the lives of other students and teachers. Some get involve in examination malpractices and other vices that are contrary to social values of the educational system and the society. These are not commensurate to positive relationship between teachers and students. Lack of commitment and laxity of teachers in their quality of teaching and availability to help students in solving academic and psycho-social problems is affecting the students. Teachers’ exploitation of students remains a factor that could strain a relationship. segxwal harassment of female students from male students and male teachers is a big issue in the educational Institutions in Nigeria. Likewise female students’ segxwal harassment of the male teachers in an attempt to pass examination remains a factor that makes positive relationship that can enhance good academic achievement difficult. These and others remain a problem in Nigeria higher institutions, and they could affect academic performance.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Eduprojects

A major challenge facing higher education institutions around the world is how to achieve quality outcome for students in an increasingly globalized and competitive environment (Harvey and Kamvounias 2008). Education is a reciprocal process, during which the learners acquire knowledge, ability and self thought (University of Wisconsin 2001). Nursing education is designed to educate and train nursing students to become competent and qualified professional Nurses (Mellish, Brink and Paton 2009). In order to provide skilled nursing care, professional Nurses must be educated and trained to make certain skill and be knowledgeable about the science of nursing. (Mellish et al., 2009.) According to Leufer (2007) nursing student need the appropriate knowledge and skill to enable them to deliver safe and competent care to their patient, according to Mellish et al., (2009) students enter the nursing programmes with different expectations of what is to be learnt, different intellectual skills, types and level of motivation and different interest. Furthermore, professional Nurses can also come from different culture, backgrounds, consequently, professional Nurse education, who are responsible for educating and training these students have a challenging task. Many researcher conducted detailed studies on factors contributing to student performance at different study level. Geiser and Santelices (2007), Acato (2006) and Swart (1999) all argue that admission points which are a reflection of the previous performance influence future academic performance. Graetz (1995) said that one’s educational success depends very strongly on social economic status of the parents. Considine and Zappala (2002) argue that families where the parent are advantaged socially, educationally, and economically foster a high level of achievement in their children, this is because students from high social economic background are well exposed to scholastic materials which aid their intelligence. Sentanu (2003), Kwesigh (2002) and Portes and Macleod (1996) as cited in Cosidine and Zappla (2002) all argue that type of school a child attends influences academic achievement. Mr Mabuda, a director in nursing, states that nursing as a profession is still faced with a number of challenges which ranges from education and training, coaching and mentoring, limited facilities for clinical placement of students and the nursing shortage (professional Nurses update September 2008), these challenges inevitably influence the academic performance of students and ultimately threaten the nursing profession. The typical learning environment, comprises of the number of student in the classroom, the academic environment, teaching strategies and the perception of the impact of group size on the learning experience (leufer 2007) the learning environment, plays an important role in captivating the student interest and in maintaining it. It is therefore important to consider how nursing students experience learning in a large class environment (leufer 2007) this would provide information such as:

• Are student distracted by such large number

• Do student feel assertive enough to interact or ask questions.

Large group learning suggests that there is a relationship between class size and participation level, which then affect the learning experience of student (leufer 2007). Furthermore, the recruitment of more students without providing adequate infrastructure, many logistical problem have been encountered for example, inadequate sound system, control of attendance, ventilation increasing noise level, these problems create further problems such as difficulty in managing the group which results in late commencing of lecture. According to leufer (2007) all these has impact on the academic performance of students. Motivation plays a fundamental role in learning (Glynn, Anltman and Owen 2005) increase in enthusiasm and motivation which may result in better academic performance, similarly the lack of inspiration would result in a lack in motivation, resulting in poor performance outcome (Leufer 2007). Baybel et al.(2005) state that there are many factors that adversely affect nursing educational performance like inadequate infrastructure, inefficient use of technologies and educational techniques, student teachers relationship.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Nursing Research Topics For Students

Economics is a social science that studies how individuals, governments, firms and nations make choices on allocating scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. Economics is concerned with human behavior such as how people earn their living and make a choice between alternatives to satisfy their wants. It focuses on the study of firms and the government whose activities are geared to the production of goods and services for the satisfaction of human want since economics is concerned with human behavior. So economics is a social science, and like any science subject, the reasoning procedure in economics is methodological, its analysis is systematic, and the validity of its various theories.Economic education is vital to the future health of our nation’s economy. It gives our students the building blocks for a successful financial future. It empowers students by giving them the knowledge and tools to improve theirwell being. Economists recognize that developing basic economic and financial knowledge is an important goal for a democratic society that relies heavily on informed citizens and personal economic decision-making. When households are capable of building wealth, they are also capable of building more economically stable neighborhoods and communities.The study of Economics plays an important role throughout our lives. Today, economic issues are drawing the attention of every citizen directly or indirectly. It is therefore, appropriate to include Economics as a distinct area of study in the system of school learning particularly because for most of the students it will be a terminal stage. At the same time it fits within the frame of schooling wherein it is advocated that education should be relevant to the needs of students. Economics, in comparison to other social science subjects has an edge in providing certain job opportunities to the learners and open the gates for various occupations, if they pursue the study of the subject further. Another reason why Economics teaching is necessary is that there are many changes occurring in our economy like privatization, liberalization and the outside forces are influencing it like globalization etc. This makes a strong case for imparting economic education to all the students so that they may understand these new concepts and issues are related with economy. Further, the learning of Economics helps the student to participate effectively in economic and social affairs and to take intelligent decisions in day-to-day life. At the same time the democratic system which we have adopted will succeed only when we win the race on economic fronts. In the interests of our own survival and of the nation, there is no education more important than that which helps us to understand our economic problems and reflect on them. From all these angles, Economics teaching – learning become cogent and highly significant in modern times. Economics at the secondary school stage has been developed with some difference, generally not found in the formal education system at this stage. The whole idea behind arranging the units in the present form is to make Economics teaching more useful, nearer to the environment of the learner and to build economic literacy.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Economics Research Ideas For Students

Career selection is one of many important choices students make in determining future plans. This decision will impact them throughout their lives because; the essence of who the student is revolves around what the student wants to do with their life-long work. Super, Savicks, and Super (1996) maintains that initial career decision-making is a cultural developmental task that students are expected to have accomplished by the end of their high school year. Career selection has become a complex science with the advent of information technology, the emergence of post industrial revolution and job competition. At secondary school level, a student is expected to have knowledge of what he or she intends to do in the future, this in turn guides the choice of subjects the West African Certificate (WACE).

This decision – making is very important and students must be allowed to choose their careers because it will create awareness in the students mind for the challenges ahead (Joans, 1986). The younger generation is the future of any society. Therefore, their career choices should help them develop the knowledge, skills and attitude needed to successfully examine their lives, while exploring and evaluating a wide range of career options to attain goals in the future.
 
Ini Local Government Area came into existence in September 23, 1991. Ini people are known for their rich cultural heritage which bears strict similarities with those of other Ibibio communities in the state. They are predominantly farmers who cultivate their products in commercial quantities. Their specialization in mat making has introduced them into trading, which not only takes them to the width and breath of Akwa Ibom but beyond causing them to interact with people from other countries. In this modern and computer age, Ini people have adjusted to other occupations like nursing, teaching, engineering etc. This has given rise to multiple careers and choices from which the students in the Local Government can make.

Participation in activities at home, school, community, gives room for interaction among the students and this opens their minds to possibilities, placing factors or determinants to their choices of career. These factors guides them to choose careers they can excel in, because in the future, a career choice a student had made must be able to sustain him or her through times of financial, emotional family, political and educational needs etc. Clearly, career choice is purposeful or necessary and must be carefully done to avoid regrets. Students forced into any career find it difficult to embrace and adjust to the challenges that come, thereby leaving the student at a choice of being stagnant or retreating as the case may be.

This also discourages the student and puts him or her in a position of not wanting to try anything new or different in a case where the student cannot excel to maximum expectation. Indeed, career choice is for development and the choice of a career must satisfy the expectations of the student(s) to attain higher heights as he or she strives to succeed. This work is hinged on the determinants of career choice among secondary school students in Ini Local Government Area.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Projects Topics

Schools are established to equip the youths with essential skills needed for functionality as useful and knowledgeable citizens of the country. However, examination of school records shows that students’ academic performances have remained for long very unimpressive. Obviously, this is not healthy for the growth of the country.

In a study, Polom (2011) analyzed West African Examination Council (WAEC), examination in Mathematics and English Language administered in 2010, and discovered that only 27.40% of the students made at least a pass and above in the two core subjects. He equally reported that the number of those who had credit and above in a foreign Language like French Language declined from 21.34% to 17.22% (WAEC Office Data base, Calabar, February, 2012).

Poor student’s performance in WAEC Examination has for some time now been a matter of great concern to education stakeholders. Concrete evidence of students’ poor performance in examinations could be seen in the results obtained each year in externally administered examinations like the WAEC examinations. As presented in Table 1, for example, students’ results in English Language and Mathematics provide a disturbing trend. In Mathematics only about 25% of those who attempted the examination in 2006 had credit passes and above. About 41% and 31% had passes and failing grades respectively.
Apart from the concerns of parents, teachers and the state government, the incessant failure of students in WAEC and NECO senior school certificate Examination (SSCE) has always been a source of worry for the Government of this country. In December 2012, Federal Ministry of Education organized a two-day summit in Abuja to discuss the issue. In the summit, the then minister of education, Prof. Ruqayyatu Rufai, expressed the Federal Government displeasure at the students’ poor performances. She noted with regret that less than 30 percent of over a million students, who sat for the examination within the last six years, obtained credits in five subjects, including English Language and Mathematics.

The effect of this is that more than 70 per cent of school leavers are always armed with school certificate result that do not qualify them for higher education. Besides, the high proportions of school leavers are always unable to gain employment as a result of poor academic performance. The result of persistent poor learners’ performance in schools is always a serious disruption in the overall manpower supply for the economy. Students who have poor academic record would find it difficult to cope in a competitive society. Individuals who fail in school may not be adequately and mentally equipped to face life squarely.

In presenting a report at WASCE monthly seminar, the Head of Research Division revealed that the percentage of failure rate for English Language and Mathematics in the past five years surpasses that of the percentage of credit level passes. In all these, the accusing fingers from different quarters have pointed at teachers. That is why in looking for solution, efforts had been directed at helping teachers to improve upon the services they render in schools. Teachers have in synergy with Parents Teachers Association (PTA) taken appropriate steps towards improving academic performance of students in several ways. For example, they have been mounting extramural classes to give students more time to learn than what official school time allows. This apart, principals keep time book for teachers and attendance register for students.

On its part, the Cross River State government has embarked on several capacity building critical to successful teaching and learning improvement in the following broad areas: policy, training and pedagogy, infrastructure development, teacher welfare and empowerment. Essential facilities and equipment that have implications for school learning like ICTs, laboratories and collateral equipment cum libraries are now available in most schools. A lot have also been spent on training and retraining of teachers to arrest the ugly trend.

Despite huge government investment in education and steps taken to improve performance of students’ in school, students’ academic performance is yet to produce acceptable result. The researcher became interested in this problem as a result of concern from education stakeholders and researchers continuous search for solution to poor academic performances.

According to Isangedighi (2011), the amount and quality of learning the individual is capable of, his involvement in learning activities; and the overall balance achieved in his development as a person depends to a large extent on his personal status as a composite unit. He also noted that, some of the difficulties some learners encounter that serve to undermine their abilities to achieve as much as others, are classified as learning disabilities. To that extent the researcher is of the view that learning disabilities could be responsible for poor academic achievement of secondary school students.

Poor academic performance is a serious problem that requires the attention of all stakeholders in education from Ministry of education to the student themselves. Since learning disabilities have been observed to be difficulties that could undermine students` ability to perform well academically. The researcher is therefore interested in helping the school system find a dependable solution to the problem of student poor academic performance. This study is concerned at determining if learning disabilities could be associated with poor academic performance among students. Areas of learning disabilities considered for the study include; hyper distractibility, eye-hand coordination, spatial awareness disorder, figure-ground relationship, dyslexia disorder, hypo-activity and impulsivity.

Learning disabilities as seen by MacArthur (2009) is not a single disorder, but is a category of disorders in any of seven specific areas: receptive language (listening), expressive language (Speaking), basic readings skills, reading comprehension, written expression, and Mathematic calculation. These disorders are manifested in a variety of ways including listening, thinking, talking, reading aloud, writing, and spelling or in Mathematics calculation. The broad question the study will answer is whether learning disabilities could influence the academic performance of the affected students.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Research Ideas For Students

Education transforms individuals into problem solvers who evince knowledge and are capable of utilizing the acquired knowledge to provide solutions to a wide range of problems. A good level of education confers on a student a corresponding high level of meta cognitive skills which in turn helps the student to have a good knowledge of himself as a cognitive processor, and knowledge of task and strategy variables necessary for effective learning (Hoe, Cheong and Yee, 2013).

However, sometimes, some students even at high educational level and with high level of meta cognitive skills inexplicably fail to demonstrate the knowledge they have acquired during teaching and learning sessions. Such students attend classes, do their assignments but fail to perform in the day of reckoning (examinations) especially when the stakes are high. The students who have done all that is necessary but develop cold feet rather than confidence during examinations may be manifesting test anxiety.
 
Examination anxiety which is also called test anxiety in research literature is an uneasiness or apprehension experienced before, during and after examination because of concern, worry or fear of uncertainty. It was defined by Zeidner (2008) as a set of phenomenological, physiological and behavioural responses that accompany concern about possible negative consequences or failure on an examination or similar evaluative situation. It is feeling that someone might have in a situation where performance really counts or where the pressure to do well is intense.

Test anxiety is not entirely bad. In fact a low level of test anxiety is normal and necessary among the students in order to maintain focus and to galvanize them into action preparing, plotting and perfecting strategies that will guarantee optimum success in the examinations. It is needed to motivate and help the students to stay mentally and physically alert (Birjandi and Alemi, 2010).

However, when the anxiety or level of arousal exceeds that optimal level, the result is decline in performance. Hence the individual fails to fulfill the required obligation (15). Anxiety is an intrinsic part of human nature and if we learn why something happen it usually becomes less frightening (19). Psychologist made a distinction between two basic types pf copying strategies which includes problem fixed strategies and emotion focused strategy (32). Problem focused strategy attempts to deal with those aspects of environment that are responsible for stern and anxiety expression, that is dealing directly with the stress situation while emotion focused strategy tends to change the way a person thinks about a stressful situation.
 
It is when anxiety is in its severe form that some students experience genuine problem in academics. Their minds go blank, they experience the shakes, their hands go numb and they suffer from number of sudden disabilities associated with anxiety during examination. Academic performance is the outcome of education. It refers to the extent to which a known to be influenced by anxiety. (15) reported tat anxiety can occur as a result of stress, affecting learning and memory and also affecting academic performance negatively. According to (20) an optimal level of stress can enhance ability and improve academic performance.

Test anxiety or performance anxiety is common in nearly every aspect of human endeavour. Excellent players have deprived their countries or clubs of the opportunities to lift trophies during club or international sporting competitions by missing penalty shots as a result of performance anxiety.

A study conducted by DeCaro, Thomas, Albert and Beilock (2011) found that baseball players put into a high pressure condition had increased errors and decreased ability to recall details like directions in which their bats were moving. Some candidates seeking for jobs find it difficult to remember even their own names during interviews for highly paid jobs in such a situation where good performance counts and pressure to do well is palpable (Putwain, Woods and Symes, 2010). It is performance anxiety that makes a professor seat profusely and sounds incoherent almost at the point of collapsing while presenting inaugural lecture with intimidating audience in attendance.

In contrast to fear, anxiety involves a more general or diffused emotional reaction beyond simple fear – that is not of proportion to threats from the environment (2). Anxiety is defined by (33) and (1) as a complex psychological and behavioural state. (16) opined that anxiety, an emotional state of a human during life is both life-saving and also causes problems in the mental life of human beings. Humans have to always express inner struggles with different words, moods, feelings and emotions. Therefore in terms of the internal struggles, man uses expressions such as anxiety or worry. Anxiety is the most important factor of mental disorders based on the theory of psychological analysis. Freud called anxiety “emotional pain”. This means the same as if the body suffered from injury, inflammation and disease. Anxiety according to (21) is the price paid for civilization. (24), maintained that students’ stress is an unavoidable phenomenon which is often seen in the undergraduates identified such factors as physical, mental, family, job and social relationship as contributing to stress in these students which they noted can affect their academic performances negatively.

Anxiety surrounding examination and other specific situations affects approximately 25% to 40% of individuals (6), (9), (26), (33) with more females than males being affected. Anxiety interferes with school functioning only when an abnormal level is affected. Anxiety interferes with school functioning only when an abnormal level is reached, where as within normal range, being anxious does not automatically imply worst school functioning and indeed may to a certain extent be motivating and enhancing to academic performance (25). (10), ranked anxiety into four levels: mild, moderate, severe and panic anxiety.

Mild level of anxiety is healthy, at this level, perceptual field is heighten, pupils dilate to accommodate much light, hearing and smelling intensified and sense of touch is highly sensitive. The individual is highly alert and attentive and learning and cognition is in its best state. This stage improves academic performance.
Moderate level of anxiety on the other hand is unhealthy, the perceptional field of a person at this level is narrowed; individuals experiencing this level of anxiety have selective inattention. They have decreased focus and automatism can be observed as repetitive purposeless movements such as shaking of hands and feet, twirling of hair and tapping of fingers. Academic performance at this level depends on the individual’s ability to control the anxiety and carry out the assignment task.
Severe level of anxiety is characterized by reduced perceptual field and a difficulty in communication. Gross motor movements, such as pacing are characteristic of people at this stage. Academic performance at this stage depends on the educator’s ability to recognize such individuals and provide a safe environment for them. Communication should be kept short and simple since communication is altered. Performance at this stage is reduced since most educators may not be able to provide such environment for the student.
Panic level of anxiety is the worst and most severe form of anxiety. Total disruption of perceptual field is present. It is also characterized by loss of ability to communicate, loss of rational thought and total loss of conscious thinking. Academic performance at this level is very poor since the student will be unable to remember exactly what he/she is supposed to do.
Academic Performance of Students

Academic performance is a term used to describe the rating of a student following an examination. This is an important aspect of student’s life and is known to be influenced by various factors including anxiety and level of hard work/preparations done prior to the examination, (11). (30) opined that academic performance is measured by the standing rates of grades of students in every subject and students have their own attitude towards learning and achieving a high level of academic performance. In order for a student to succeed he needs to be armed with strategies and techniques that will supplement his desire to reach his goals. One way is to have an efficient and adaptive study habit free of anxiety. (31) stated that academic performance of nursing students can be determined by various academic and non-academic factors that include measures of previous academic performance such as college and high school grade point (GPA), scores of different aptitude tests and certain demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, residential background and previous work experience. Furthermore, knowledge about predictors of academic performance help in developing strategies to facilitate students’ success in nursing education programmes and ensuring adequate training and provision of man power in the nursing profession (3), (13).

The effect of anxiety on academic performance as revealed by (11) is not always obvious and new research funded by the ( suggests that there may be hidden costs. The research found that anxious individual find it harder to avoid distractions and take more time to turn their attention from one task to the next than their less anxious peers.

They further stated that a lot of negative effects of anxiety appear to be caused by difficulties with controlling attention. This suggest that training techniques designed to enhance attention, control the ability of students to ignore distractions and prevent the switching of their attention from one task to another could help anxious students to achieve their academic potential. Also showed that anxious individuals often perform at a comparable level to non-anxious ones but only do so at a greater cost in terms of effort or perhaps long term stress. This implies that it is important that teachers focus not only on whether a student’s academic performance seems to be satisfactory but also on how much effort the student had to put in to achieve that level of success. Anxious students may be trying desperately hard just to keep pace with academic demands and this could be at great psychological cost.

Anxiety and Academic performance of students.

Anxiety symptoms are extremely common in childhood and adolescence and can negatively interfere with general well-being, social life, academic performance and development of social skills. (25) stated that anxiety symptoms are associated with impairment of memory and cognitive functions and can contribute to poor school performance and academic failure. Anxiety as illustrated by (29), plays important roles in our lives. These include immediate reaction to stimuli following onset, anticipation and being prepared for important events in the future. It may be unpleasant, but it is often adaptive and in its absence one may have trouble as life becomes difficult to organize.

They further pointed out that anxiety can disrupt our lives if it becomes maladaptive. However, (18) explained that the consequences of anxiety during test or examination may limit the educational or vocational development and promotion through the educational system. It is normal for a student to feel anxious before a test or examination, but it becomes problematic when the level of anxiety is excess. (26) opined that a variety of factors can contribute to a student’s level of anxiety, examples include: past experience with courses, perception of course load, their ability to manage time, family issues and beliefs, which may have been shaped by a complex interplay of factors, may result to a unique reaction to a situation and lead to anxiety. The negative effects of anxiety can be explained by two models namely; the interference and the Learning Deficit Models. According to the interference model, anxious students are distracted due to task irrelevant cognitions and negative thoughts during examinations, while the learning deficit model proposes that it is student’s ineffective study habits during preparation for an examination that causes them to be anxious. Researchers found that anxious individuals find it harder to avoid distractions and take more time to turn their attention from one task to the next than their less anxious peers. This makes learning, reading, remembering and writing difficult affecting academic performance. Since, the anxious individuals perform at a comparable level to the non-anxious ones with a greater cost in terms of effort or perhaps long term stress; it is believed that students with high anxiety as well as those with moderate levels of anxiety will perform the best (7). (15), maintained that if an individual’s experience is negative, then anxiety level will be higher, leading to lower academic performance. Consequently, if an individual’s experience is positive, then the anxiety level will be lower leading to higher academic performance. From these investigations, it has been observed that high and lower levels of anxiety is related to poor academic performance while a moderate level of anxiety is related to optimum academic performance. Reported that chronic anxiety has a detrimental effect on academic success, every individual experience anxiety, although it most often ensues when the individual is uncertain about an outcome. (7) observed that about 30% of student nurses suffer from anxiety especially in specific situations including: test, examination and presentations. According to (4) the unfavourable effects of anxiety experienced by nursing students leads to the development of low self esteem over a period of time which adversely affects their academic performance

.EDITOR'S SOURCE: Eduprojects

In the Nigeria national policy on education (1981) it stated that school education should “equip students to live attentively in our modern age of business education”. In accordance with this aim of education, Boge (1979) has this to say, “one major educational problem is preparing the young people to cope with the intellectual and cultural environment characterized by rapid changes”, it is assumed that these young people should have some basic understanding for the English language.

Business education has continued to occupy its separate place and some time, it is often neglected in some schools even where the various branches of English language are taught they are done without regard for the basic requirement needed in spite of the effort made during the present decade by the federal and state government of Nigeria to give Business Education subject their role in education note much has been achieved in some schools and local government area. The effect of the deficiency in teaching Business Education in schools are particularly evident in developing countries such as Nigeria
To which extent has the number of students per laboratory in Nigeria affected the effective teaching of Business Education?

In what way does inadequate use of instructional materials makes ineffective the teaching of Business Education?

Could ineffective teaching lead to the students’ poor performance in Business Education?

Can bad attitude of teachers towards work affect the effective teaching of Business Education?

Could lack of instructional materials cause ineffective teaching of the teachers?

How does lack of instructional material affect the effective teaching of Business Education?

How does students’ attitude towards the subject (Business Education) affect their performance in the teaching of Business Education?

Does teacher’s qualification also affect students’ performance in effective teaching of Business Education?

How teaching methods in Business Education does affects students’ performance ineffective teaching of Business Education?

HYPOTHESIS

Students attitude Business Education affects their performance

Teacher’s qualification also affect the students performance in Business Education

Teacher’s teaching method in Business Education affect students performance

The teaching of Business Education has not been as effective as it ought to be. It is therefore necessary to diagnose the various factors responsible for the mass failure of students and proper means by which the anomalies could be arrested. The importance of Business Education in the life of man need to be over emphasized, therefore if the subject is not effectively taught, the rudiment that are necessary for development of the basic concept of English language would be lacking at the secondary schools level and this could permeate the other state of the nation’s educational level. It is believed that the importance of Business Education if well understood and all the factors responsible for its unhealthy development are quickly nipped on the bud it would be possible to build a Business Education culture oriented society which will augur well for the healthy development of the nation 

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Business Education Final Year Project Topics

Teaching and learning are the different sides of the same coin. Learning is intended to bring about change in behaviour while teaching is to instill in the learner characteristics such as attitude, value adhered to lay down procedure, ruled and principles which are expected to cause the change in behaviour. The understanding of the world teaching is imperative to the understanding of the role its practitioner plays in the upbringing of the students. There might be one and encompassing definition of the word teaching but attempt have been made to define and explain it, this is moreso as teaching has a meaning, purpose and a degree structure or level (Imogie, 2015). Teaching can be defined in terms of socialization to mean interpersonal influence aimed at changing the ways in which one person can ior will behave. This definition therefore makes teaching an everybody’s business int eh society especially as socialization of citizens in the society can be influenced not only by the school but by other agents- Religious centres, mass media and the family.

Teaching, them is the content of such interactive human relationship designed to promote behaviourable change since one of the major objectives of education is to produce good and useful citizens in the society. The important of teachers and teaching cannot be over emphasized. The importance of teaching lies in the fact that, it is a process where by the various educational programmes are translated into action at the classroom. This today through teaching, the teacher decides what kind of people or to be more specific, kind of person we shall be. Teaching as a processed will make a nation in as effort at social economic and political development; attain desire goals which depends on the efficiency and determination of teacher. It is important to known at this point who is a teacher.

In all societies of the world, it is a known fact that education starts in the house or rather from the home, children learn to speak and to do things by imitating their parents, relations, peers etc during early days this process of socialization was done by several people who had no formal training. However, as a society become complex, interogenous and specialized, the need for formal education or training arose. Children writer introduced to formal education under the care and tutelage of a specialized personnel whose training and duties are to inculcate in the young child value norms rules and all standard of the society is into exist this personnel. Is the teacher.
Understand the importance of teaching in the development of individuals it is pertinent to examine the place of the teacher. This study therefore is to examine the role of of teachers in the upbringing of students. In this study the factors responsible for the continuous participation of teachers in the task of teaching will all be looked into. This study therefore looks at problems-what are the roles of teachers in the upbringing of students: consequently the following research questions are set for answering in this study.

What are the possible roles of government in the teacher education scheme?

To what extent have private school actually affected teaching and learning process in teacher education.

What are actually the contribution of both private and public school in the teaching and learning process?

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Research Ideas For Final Year Students

Education is man’s fundamental method of reform and progress. It can be regarded as the tool with which society brings the transmission of its own culture. Reomer (1981) refers to education as “all those experiences of the individual through which knowledge is acquired, the intellect enlightened or the will strengthened “ while Unachuka (1989) defines education as “ the process by which individuals are assisted formally or informally, though proper direction and finance, to develop their capacity for their own benefit and that of the society.

          Education can therefore be regarded as a social process whose purpose is to bring about certain desirable behavioural change in the total development of the individual. In the whole world education has been given more regard while in Nigeria particularly education has been seen as the main vehicle for rapid development.

          It is obvious that since advent of the Europeans, Nigerians have attached much importance to western education. The first type of schools according to Bab Fafunwa (2001) were the Islamic and Arabic schools which emerged as a result of the Islamic Scholars arrival into the country on the pretence of trade. They brought along with them their religion which was Islamic under which were the Arabic school.

          The first set of schools were usually situated under big trees with students who were mainly normally conducted in the evenings after their trading activities with the merchants who acted as the tutors. These teachers are called “Mallams”. It is obvious that the first type of school system didn’t have any facility apart from the slate and foreign textbooks used.

          Furthermore, with the arrival of western education, the uses of facilities became ivogue. Classrooms which came in small rooms now in form of schools which comprises of administrative blocks, offices with such facilities as chairs, tables, chalk and chalkboards. Textbooks were also provided to aid teaching, this ease the way knowledge was formally imparted to the students to prove for old stanions system.

          Walberg and Thomas (1992) shown that pupils have been noted to learn best when they can effectively explore at school environment that is rich in material, so that whenever they are given the responsibility to make meaningful choice, they afford to interact with the available facilities.

          This led to Adaralegbe’s (1978) statement which states that the large scale of educational programme had been embarked upon, because of increasing awareness of the country that, education pauses the way for modernization and enable one to improve oneself. Putting this into consideration in our schools presently it will be noted that, education by various government bit yet, much efforts is still required to meet up adequately. Since over fifty million people desire education presently.

          Classrooms are very vital in schools, the classrooms are constructed to suit the purpose of learning and also considering climate of the people. eagle Hardt (1954) emphasized that classrooms referred to as “Teaching laboratories”. Much importance should be attached to facilities to enabler an imagined educational programme to be achieved. This in short shows the importance of the provision of efficient and effective facilities to help enhance a smooth and conducive teaching and learning process to enable the production of effective manpower for the nation.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Eduprojects

Education is a highly rated public venture used as an instrument par excellence in national development. Credence is given to this view by the five national objectives of Nigeria in the second National Development Plan and endorsed as the necessary foundation for the National Policy on Education. Based on using education a tool for the realization of the national objectives, various other achievement are expected from education in national devilment, such aims are as follows:

Better human relationship

Self realization

Individual and national unity

Olumba (1999)

These aims can never be actualized if there are poor relationship existing between the teacher and his pupils. Bringing these aims to reality depends on the orientation of teachers and pupils in the educational system because good education requires trained and committed teachers, who will carry the pupils along way to achieve the educational goals. Therefore, the purpose of introducing this study or subject is to make the teacher/pupils functional in relating well with one another and discharging their respective duties in order to achieve the aims of the National Policy on Education.

Philosophy of education laid emphasis on human relation in the process of teaching and learning. It is believed that teaching in every respect is a serious business and should be seen to be so. As a banker is governed by certain principles, which make him expert in his field, so is the teacher governed by certain principles which made him to be expert in his own area of specialization.

Teaching is the process of inculcating in the learner the desirable knowledge, culture, skills, value and norms which will make him to be useful to himself and the society at large. Therefore to promote the relationship between the teacher and pupils, the teacher must determine the best efficient and effective methods of teaching, then select materials to create conducive learning experiences that will utilize the content associated with each objectives.

However, in order to improve children, it is necessary that pedagogy becomes a study; otherwise, there is nothing to hope from it. To this end, a careful analysis of any method must precede its use. This is where philosophy comes in. So it is on philosophy that the art of education must wait for a design of action. Evident are the several theoretical models which philosophers and educators have come up with according to their best or frame of mental dispositions. For example, the nationalists emphasized on motivation, direct experience and on maintaining interest of the child. Their main concern is to create suitable environment in order to influence the development of an individual. Pragmatist recommend socialized techniques, projects and problem-solving method. Yet, the divergent and wide these schools are, they focus on common problem militating against education, the aims of education, the nature of the learner, educational content, method and the condition under which the learners can obtain the maximum experience.

Moreover, in view of the above background the researchers are challenged to find out the effect of poor teacher and pupils’ relationship in academic attainment in primary schools, A case study in Enugu South Local Government Area.

The effect of poor teacher and pupils’ relationship in primary schools in Enugu Urban has led to poor academic performance, formation of bad gangs by pupils, perpetual hatred to teachers, neglect of some subjects (for example, English Language), which then gave rise to serious problems for the realization of educational objectives.

It is unfortunate that a good number of pupils have lost virtues of good behavior since their teachers did no longer show them love, caring and affections. This is applicable to pupils from home of poor economic backgrounds. A good number of pupils in our homes lack respect for their parents, teachers, let alone elders. Teachers keep complaining of the attitude of the pupils whenever they meet them on street, market, and their homes without realizing that they are the cause of the bad attitude they observe in their pupils. There are cases of pupils on seeing their teachers, they will hide away from them, calling their teachers names that are not their real names and so on.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Research Ideas for Final Year Students

he dynamic nature of the curriculum process informs the concept of effective planning of integrated science curriculum in secondary schools. This is so because science education plays a vital role in the lives of individuals and the development of a nation scientifically and technologically (Aleboisu and Ifamuyiwa, 2008). It is widely and generally acknowledged that the gateway to the survival of a nation scientifically and technologically is scientific literacy which can only be achieved through science education. This starts from giving students a good foundation in integrated science from junior secondary level. But government in this direction can not be said to have yielded much fruits given the dwindling nature of student’s performance in integrated science in junior secondary school and the low rate of students offering science in senior secondary school as well as their performance in core science subjects. Disturbed by this ugly development, researchers in the field of science education in Nigeria embarked on series of studies to find the logic behind this ugly development.
They found that the problem stemmed from the first form of science a child comes across at the junior secondary school level that is integrated science. Integrated science provide students sound basis for further science education study, hence a child that is not well grounded in integrated science at this level would not show interest in offering core science subject (Biology, Chemistry and Physics) at Senior Secondary Schol level which are pre-requisites for studying science oriented courses at the Nation’s tertiary institutions. They also found that lack of qualified teachers, lack of practical work as well as lack of equipments and facilities for teaching, insufficient allotment of time for integrated science on the school time table and poor methods of teaching are the major factors militating against the successive implementation of the core curriculum in integrated science (Ajuwape and Olatoye, 2004). It is against this background that the researcher seeks to investigate the subject matter of this research: The impact of effective planning and curriculum development on teaching and learning of integrated science in secondary school.
Integrated Science have been taught in Junior Secondary Schools since 1972 in order to inculcate science knowledge and encourage students to offer science subjects in Senior Secondary School (Ifamuyiwa, 2008). But inspite of this, government effort cannot be said to have yielded much fruits given the dwindling nature of students’ performance in integrated science which has a negative effect on the future performance of those offering core science and consequently poor performance inc ore subjects in WAEC and NECO examination which are prerequisites for studying in the Nation’s tertiary institutions.
This has been attributed to myriad of problems ranging from lack of qualified teachers, lack of equipments and facilities for teaching, lack of practical works, insufficient allotment of time for integrated science on the school time table and poor teaching methods. Disturbed by this trend, the subject matter of this research: the impact of effective planning and curriculum development on teaching and learning of integrated science in secondary school becomes an empirical problem worthy of investigation. As such the researcher seeks to find out if the integrated science curriculum is effectively planned to enhance effective teaching and learning of integrated science from JSS I to JSS III in sequential order of simple to complex topics.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Latest Final Year Project Topics

Provision of quality education and training is the ultimate goal of any educational system. The success of teaching is reflected by academic performance of students. This goal can never be achieved without school discipline. How students are disciplined has been an issue since the inception of public education. In 1770, William Blackstone applied the phrase in loco parentis, which literally means in place of the parents, to educators. In loco parentis gave teachers the ability to act in place of the parent in response to disciplinary actions (Conte, 2000). In loco parentis was implemented in schools in the early 1900s, and with it came corporal punishment.

Victorian era parents believed children who were lazy and insubordinate were alienating themselves from God, and teachers were thought to be the perfect authority figure to ensure alienation did not occur (Parker-Jenkins, 1997). During this time period corporal punishment was viewed as necessary to produce citizens who conformed to the norms of society, beat out sin, and ensure learning occurred (Parker Jenkins, 1997). The book of Proverbs in the Bible advocates the use of a rod, i.e. corporal punishment, to save children’s souls from death. Therefore, teachers began administering corporal punishment for acts of wrong doing by their charges (Conte, 2000).

Recently scholars have written more on indiscipline among pupils and its effects on learning outcome and their progress in schools. Discipline in school is a very important aspect towards academic excellence, while lack of it usually gives rise to a lot of problems such as lack of vision and mission, poor time management, irregular attendance and punishment. It also plays a vital role in the acquisition of sense of responsibility in learners as well as educators. Gawe, Vakalisa and Jacobs, (2001:190) express cooperative learning if academic performance is to be achieved among students.

Effective discipline helps in the achievement of goals, expectation and expectation and responsibility in students (Dunham, 1984:66).Good discipline creates a good image of the school and prepares learners for the future. Disruptive behavior amongst learners eliminated if there is good discipline at school. The implementation of effective discipline at school is a key for the learner in his journey to adulthood. By definition discipline refers to the ability to carry out reasonable instructions or orders to reach appropriate standards of behaviors. It is understood to be that abstract quality in a human being which is associated with and manifested by a person’s ability to do things well at the right time, in the right circumstance, without or with minimum supervision (Ngonyani, 1973:15).

Various studies have been conducted on issues pertaining to schools’ academic performance, such as those by Malekela (2000:61), Galabawa (2000:100) and Mosha (2000:4). They have pointed out some factors that lead to varying levels of performance in schools, including availability of teachers, availability of teaching and learning materials and language communication. Omari (1995) talks about school discipline as one among aspects that influence performance in schools. School discipline is an essential element in any educational institution if the students are to benefit from the opportunities offered to them. Omari (1995:38) argues that it is difficult to maintain order and discipline in schools where teachers have no space to sit, prepare and mark students’ work. In other words, Omari (1995) supports the above scholars that availability of teaching and learning materials has an impact on school discipline. Indiscipline in schools, and consequently, school strikes, destroy the teaching- learning environment. Occasionally there are protests, riots and violence and sometimes the police have to come in to intervene to protect school property. Some schools become virtual prisons as they construct huge walls and expensive fences to protect good students, teachers and property against undisciplined students. Ohsako (1997:7) argues that violence is a sensitive issue that provokes anxiety, arouses emotions and has negative impact on school performance.

Despite the rules endorsed by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training but they are not followed by many of the students and their teachers in some government and private schools, who misbehave wherever they are outside the school environment. As Omari (1995:25) observes, the most important thing is not so much to have written rules pinned in the office of the head teacher or discipline master as to have rules actually implemented. School rules and regulations should facilitate administrative work, should focus on the creation of a good atmosphere for teaching and learning.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Eduprojects

The idea of good teacher for each individual is variable. Students´ perception, opinions and/or experiences about a good teacher are different. A good teacher has been considered, sometimes, as a perfectionist, encouraging, approachable and caring, other times as intelligent, but above all, as enthusiastic, funny, clever, affective and understanding, open, and with a relaxed style while teaching.

Holt (1964) addressed that learning is enhanced by the teachers´ knowledge, enthusiasm and responsibility towards creating a warm class climate enhancing “the students desire to learn and to accept the challenges of thinking and enquiring into all that is offered by the teacher”. Stronge et al (2004) stated that teaching is vocational, and most good and quality teachers are passionate about their chosen profession. However, he also added that a good teacher is always in a constant learning process due to changes in terms of the students’ characteristics, the curriculum, the community, and finance among many others.

According to Gibbs (2002) “Teachers need to be able to survive the demands, threats and challenges within the diverse circumstances of teaching” He stated that a good and quality teacher needs the capacity to be persistent, flexible, and innovative on new teaching approaches and be prepared in the case of failure. For Stronge et al. (2004) the good teacher has a psychological influence on the students, having a strong influence on their achievement. According to Killen (2006), the good teacher is the one who has clear objectives and own goals of teaching. A teacher can provide the students with the answer of a question, which can be effective only if the main objective is simply to compare and analyze different results. However, if the objective is to make the student think about the option of providing different possible answers, the teacher, in this case, may be regarded as ineffective. Smith (1995) stated that teachers and teaching need to be creative to allow the students learn naturally. He also added that educational institutions should spend more time on “doing” and less time on “talking about learning and teaching” In addition, Gurney (2007) suggested that instead of reflecting on theory and practice, we should reflect on what we do in the classroom.

A good teachers need to focus on students’ achievement. Alton-Lee (2003) pointed out that an effective link between school and cultural context is needed and this is often times considered as a challenge; apart from being caring, and enhance assessment, feedback and evaluation, as well as being responsible to students learning process, the curriculum goals, the multiple tasks and the contexts. Gurney (2007) suggested that to be a good and quality teacher there should be an interaction among different factors. One of them is the teacher´ knowledge, enthusiasm and responsibility for learning. Another factor is that good teachers should provide the students with activities and assessment that encourages them to learn (and learn through experience), as well as having an engaged feedback. Finally, to create a warm environment and a relationship with the students in which respect will enhance learning. According to Borich (2000), the responsibilities of good teachers are to have lesson clarity, instructional variety, teacher task orientation, engagement in the learning process and student success rate.

Therefore, good teachers do not teach in front of the class doing a good demonstration on the extensive and deep content knowledge, they teach to promote and enhance learning. Besides, they knows how to manage, not only their knowledge, but also the classroom and the students in terms of discipline, work, interaction between teacher- students-students, how to give instructions, and how to assess and evaluate activities, the students and their own work. Therefore, to be a good teacher also implies to have a series of qualities, in terms of professional and personal skills.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Project Ideas For Students

In schools, bullying occurs in all areas. It can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, thought it more often occurs in recess, hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and waiting for buses, classes that require group work or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consist of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders, who, in some cases want to avoid becoming the next victim. School bullying is a widespread issue that affects secondary school students in three essential parts of their lives; psychologically, educationally and professionally. Bullying is a sort of aggressive behaviour against others such as, verbal by calling nasty names, physical by kicking, pushing or tripping up and social by everyone stopped talking to you.

Academic achievement is the first aspect which influences bullying at school. therefore, bullied children live within fear, self-blame, feel weak and it affects their personality traits and self-confidence, so this situation makes them unable to study well and they might hate going to school. Furthermore, they will lose their opportunities to participate with others or enjoy school activities. Hence, they will gain less academic performance and low educational attainment. There is a strong relationship between bullying and school quality such as class size, lack of library, sports facilities. Both bullies and victims feel more negative about school, and persistent bullying may lead to stress and depression. Bullying can lead to anxiety, low self-esteem, hopelessness and isolation. Children miss lessons or are scared to attend school. They lose concentration when they do attend. Some of the effects last long after the bullying, until they are adults.

One adverse effect of bullying is that it also leads to suicide. While suicide is rare in bullied children, the other effects of bullying are also devastating and last well beyond the time when the child is actually bullied. Many schools have a zero tolerance policy towards bullying, but sometimes have difficulty identifying the victims and the abusers because children are afraid to come forward. Bullying causes long-term problems such as depression and anxiety. In his essay “The long term effects of bullying”, psychologist Mark Dombeck relays his own bullying experiences as a child, as well as the experience of his patients and then, asserts that the anger, anxiety, and depression of that moment often lingers into adulthood, causing problems with keeping a job, forming relationship and even continued victimization in abusive relationship or work environment.

Students who are bullied cannot concentrate in schools, so their grades may be a warning sign that a student is being bullied. A child’s grade may also suffer if he or she misses a lot of school due to bullying. Children who are bullied will complain of headaches, stomachaches, and overall fatigue. This issues are usually caused by mental anguish that manifest in physical ailments. Students who are bullied often use physical complaints to get out of school. additionally, they may avoid infectious from holding crime during the day. A particularly unfortunate effect of bullying is that some children who are bullied go on to victimize and harass other children. In the same way that some student begin to bully at school because they are bullied at home, children who are bullied at school will begin to look for children more vulnerable than they are to bully. It is an effort to exert any power they may have over someone more vulnerable. A bullied children, may, at the demand of his own bully become a bully to another child.

 EDITOR'S SOURCE:  Research Topics

Education being the greatest hope of a nation especially for a developing country like Nigeria cannot just be left in the hands of mediocre or people who have no interest in the teaching profession. Hence, the transmission of knowledge and information from one generation to another require the services of individuals adequately trained and skilled in the teaching profession. Such individuals are teachers. They are assigned the role of transmitting the accumulated knowledge and values from one generation to the next (Akin, 2009). Teaching is the classroom interaction, during which there is purposeful interaction between the teacher, the learner, the subject matter and the materials (Okon, 2006). Teaching is causing people to learn. One can hardly regard something as having been taught if it has not been learnt. Teaching is not merely giving information, but offering the child/learner a systematic guide to learn how to learn. The author further described teaching as involving “the consideration of the nature of the child, the goals to be attained, and finally the methods and materials required to attain those goals” p. 183. Teaching involves developing a policy and putting that policy into practice. In the past, many people thought that just any one who could hold a piece of chalk and stand in front of learners was a teacher. For an individual to be regarded as an effective teacher, he needs to possess certain characteristics that befit this noble profession. It is the possession of these qualities that endears him to his students and the society. Failure to possess and display these qualities makes people cast doubt on the genuineness of his training and interest in theteaching profession (Stake, 2010). An effective teacher is required to have a higher level of professionalism because of rapidly changing circumstances. Hayon (2009) emphasized that teachers who possess professional and interpersonal skills are more effective in their classrooms in terms of students’ behaviour, attitude and achievement. The teaching profession requires certain dominant behaviours which show teacher’s intellect, desire to excel, extended professionalism and teaching as a life concern. Teaching is a profession which exalts service above personal gains (Goodlings, Buram& Portland, 2005). It involves human nurturance, connectedness, warmth and love and the teacher’s beliefs about his role in caring for the students, plays a crucial part in developing the personality of the students (Kelchtermans& Ballet, 2005). Stake (2010) further opined that male teachers who show interest in teaching profession establish a cordial relationship with their students thus encouraging them to learn and perform well in their academic pursuits, while other teachers who show no interest in teaching profession, but see it as a stepping stone to something higher, do not establish cordial relationship with their students thus hindering their academic pursuits. This set of teachers feel that teaching is a feminine profession. Therefore, according to Stake (2010) females are more tolerant and accommodative. The issue of gender generally describes roles played by male and female teachers and the relative power they wield within the teaching profession. Their perception can often be associated with their attitude towards teaching. In AkwaIbom State, the teaching profession has an encouraging history. Teaching is one profession which government, parents and even the entire society expect so much from, because of the needed skills necessary for the labor force.

Teaching is one of the oldest of human activities or professions because in those days, parents, elders in the community, religious leaders and other adults took it upon themselves to teach the young ones how to speak, act and, or, perform any other activity that might be required of them. Hence the teacher was seen as an important personality in the society. As important and sensitive as teaching is in the society, there have been divergent views held by people in the society about teaching. These divergent views however have influenced the perception that people have about teaching in the society. For instance, teaching has been seen as an attempt to bring about effective and desirable change in learners and the education system through the use of various strategies (Adeyemi 2001, Dada 1999). This implies that teaching is not restricted to just a single activity but a variety of activities some of which are quite distinct from one another. Thus teaching is seen as a body of actions that is intended to bring about learning through conscious and deliberate efforts by a matured or experienced person (Akinpelu, 1981). This was why in the 1950s through the early 1980s teachers and the teaching profession were accorded high status in the society because they performed their roles in promoting national development with high sense of efficiency and responsibility. This high sense of commitment has been attributed to three major factors namely; their good social status, economic status and conducive working environment (Achimugu, 2005).

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Eduprojects

According to Ejili and Anyanwu 2006, the words “education comes from two Latin words “Educare and educame. Educare means to lead to , that is leading a learner from one state of knowledge to a better state of knowledge. “educare” means to bring up or rear, hat is moulding a learner towards the development of his/her innate potentials. How ever, various educators and commentators see the term education differently. The opinions of the various scholars are influenced by their experiences and philosophical perceptions of life.
Ejili and Anyanwu (2006) quoting plato (427-347) as one of the early philosophers that describes educations as that training which is given by suitable habits to the first instincts of virtue in children when pleasure and pain are rightly implanted to national souls. The particular training in respect of pleasure and pain, which lead you to hate and love what you ought to hate and love and called educations. Here platos submission means that education I a means of developing the character of the learner.
There are basically two ways of acquiring education: they include the following
1. Informal education
2. formal education
According to Ejili and Anyanwu (2006) describes informal education- as preliterate education. It is a type of learning process where there is no organizational structure set in place for the purpose of teaching and leaning. It is the first leaning process available in any society where by the young are made to learn the way of life the society. Put simply, it is the earliest form o education. The family or home provides this form of education.
Formal education: According to Ejili and anyanwu (2006) Formal education this is also called literally or schooling type of education in Nigeria, the Moslem and Christian missionaries introduced this form of education in 14th and 19th centuries respectively. This from of education takes place in an organization educational setting with planned curriculum, teacher, learners, educational administrators, administrative blocks, classroom and other instructional materials which facilitate teaching and learning.
The Enugu state college of Education (technical was established by the Enugu state House of Assembly Law No. 2 of 2006 of 11th April 2006 sequel to this, the state government directed the vacation of independent layout, to house the new college. It also directed the closure of the school of science and vocational teacher Education (SSVTE) of the IMT and transfer of all its staff and students to form the nucleus of the new college.
It is true that nation, can rise above the quality of education provided for her citizen and since the advent of western education in Nigeria examinations have been the major instrument used for the evaluation of the learners (or students achievement) it is a means of assessing the quality and quantity or performance that an individual has accumulated at the end of a teaching process which may spread over a period of seventeen weeks.
According to Adekate (1993), examinations are instruments used for the assessment of individual’s skills and knowledge, content both in general and specific areas of studies and over all academic achievements.
To Liman, as cited by Arifayan (2004), examination is broad perspective is an instrument for testing, assessing, evaluation and accreditation. Thus in schools, examinations as a protent instrument for judgement of knowledge or competence. On her own part, Alutu (2005) simply defined examinations as a process of measuring how much knowledge a student in an institution of learning has acquired after exposing him/her to definite course of instruction. Examination also serve as a menas of selecting the best candidates for various purposes, students are admitted into different institution of learning on the basis of their scores in the stipulated qualifying examinations. More over, promotion of students within the institution/school is based on passing the examinations sets for that purpose. In addition, examination helps the lecturers/teachers to adjust or change his instructional strategies in the process of teaching and learning in the school system. If the students performance in examination is encouraging, then it indicates that the teachers/ lecturers method of teaching are appropriate and efficient.
From the above, it can be seen that success in examination serves as a good motivator for students, teachers, school administrators, and employers of labour on the otherl hand, failure to perform successfully in examination demoralizes all and sundry, especially students. It is the crave to succeed and avoid frustration and or any embarrassment associated with failure that makes students engages in examination malpractices which has threatened the very foundation of our educational system. Examination malpractice is constructed as irregularities, violation of or infringements on examinations rules and regulations before during or after the conduct of examination (2005/2006) students handbook of information, Auchi polytechnic, Auchi.
Alutu (2005) defines examination malpractice as involving a deliberate act of wrong doing, contrary to official examination rules, and is designed to place a candidate at on un affair advantage. Ahmed citied by Aripayan (2004) refers malpractice as any act of wrong doing or neglect that contravenes the rules of acceptable practice before during and after an examination by anybody in any way which is tantamount to malpractice such act could be carried our by the candidate/student, the examination officials, such as an examiner/lecturer, invigilator, supervisor etc. or any other person not associated directly with the examination either individually or with the consent and connivance of either or all of the parties. Such act may be carried out before, during or after the examination with the sole aim of assisting the candidate/student through fraudulent means to obtain grades over and above his/her level of achievement or mastery.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Project Ideas For Students

Accounting as one of the subjects in business education, has functions of developing in individuals, skills, knowledge, attitudes and values towards solving problems and towards satisfaction of real needs in life. Accounting is a very important branch of business education in which much of our daily life is governed and attached, by the results and application of business.
The National Council of Education (NCE) in 2007 gave the approval to the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC), the government agency saddled with the responsibility of developing curriculum for schools in Nigeria to review the existing senior secondary school education (SSE) curriculum (Ahmed-Rufai, 2010). The author further affirmed that the new curriculum was set to meet up with both national and global challenges and issues.
Bakare (2007) reported that investors in Nigeria have lost several billions of dollars through the collusion of accountants and external auditors with companies’ management and directors to falsify and deliberately overstate companies’ accounts.
These collapses or systemic failures, as the broad range of financial scandals exposed in the early years of the 21st century have brought into sharp focus and over a more concentrated timescale, issues of long-standing debate (Brown, 2005) including: audit and accounting regulation; auditor independence; earnings management; and audit and audit firm quality controls.
One of the difficulties of evaluating the veracity of these claims, and the validity of the counter claims, is that moral scheme and codes of ethics have undergone changes over time. Prior research on ethics and the profession of accountancy has come from a wide range of disciplines and has focused on a broad range of issues.
It is widely acknowledged that the accounting profession is an important facet of our society (Wyatt, 2004).Accounting emerged from the society; Hines (1988) stated that accounting is socially constructed and socially constructing. This implies that accounting influences society and accounting is influenced by society. In the last decade, studies have shown that the accounting profession has had to deal with a lot of challenges than it has done in its lengthy history which spans over one Hundred years (Mactosh et al., 2010). This period has been characterized by series of business failures, ethical negligence and accounting scandals both in developed economies and developing economies. Publicized cases of the recent past, such as Satyam, Enron, WorldCom, Global Crossing, Adelphia Communications, HIH, Tyco, and Vivendi, Royal hold and HealthSouth together with a host of companies from Nigeria (such as, Cadbury and NAMPAK), have drawn increasing attention to the accounting profession. This has had a negative and cumulative impact on the way informed opinions view the accounting profession. There has been great apprehension regarding the fairness of the operation of a market system where shareholders, employees in general and pensioners have lost large sums, while those running companies, are seen as responsible for those losses, have enriched themselves as the businesses collapsed. In doubt if Nigerian related research efforts are adequate to fully address the challenges of enforcing ethical guidelines in financial reporting and auditing

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Latest Final Year Projects

In the past, there were cordial relationship between teachers and students which encouraged learning, academic performance and achievement of students. There was a commitment on the part of teachers, respect and other cultural values were upheld by both parents and students. Teachers are role models to students and an instrument through which students could clamp the ladder of greatness in the society. Now, teacher’s academic support and drilling of students to attain success in all ramifications is diminishing due to certain avoidable factors. Teachers and students convey a range of goals, needs, feelings and behavioral scheme that affect the quality of the relationship they form and influence values of their experiences with one another in the classroom.
It is not an exaggeration to say that teachers and students relationship in Nigeria higher Institutions today requires serious attention if students are to improve their learning process, intellectual change and contribute to societal development. The negative perception of teachers by the majority of students cannot promote a positive relationship. The bad attitude of many students to training is not encouraging as many prioritize their social activities at the expense of their study. Some students take part in associations that are unacceptable in the school community; such as cultism whereby members are terrorizing the lives of other students and teachers. Some get involve in examination malpractices and other vices that are contrary to social values of the educational system and the society. These are not commensurate to positive relationship between teachers and students. Lack of commitment and laxity of teachers in their quality of teaching and availability to help students in solving academic and psycho-social problems is affecting the students. Teachers’ exploitation of students remains a factor that could strain a relationship. segxwal harassment of female students from male students and male teachers is a big issue in the educational Institutions in Nigeria. Likewise female students’ segxwal harassment of the male teachers in an attempt to pass examination remains a factor that makes positive relationship that can enhance good academic achievement difficult. These and others remain a problem in Nigeria higher institutions, and they could affect academic performance.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Research Ideas and Materials

In education, a teacher is a person who teaches students. The role of the teacher is often formal and permanent. It is practiced as a profession or profession in a school or other place of formal education. Learning is the acquisition of new or changing knowledge, attitudes, skills, or preferences, and may involve the synthesis of various types of information (Adeyanju, 1997).

Learning and teaching is the concern of a trained teacher. Learning is a complex process. This can be defined as a schedule change; a relatively permanent behavior change over time, which is partly caused by the experience. Learning can be the result of newly acquired skills, knowledge, perceptions, facts, principles and new information (Adeyanju, 1997). Learning can be reinforced by a variety of teaching methods that stimulate, motivate and focus learners' attention during the lesson.

Teaching methods are teaching materials and tools that facilitate teaching and learning in schools (Agunet et al., 1977). Examples of teaching methods include visual aids, audio aids, real objects and many others. Visual aids are certain materials that can be manufactured locally or commercially. They come, for example, in the form of wall maps, pictorial images, images and other two-dimensional objects. There are also audiovisual media. These are educational devices such as radio, television and all kinds of projectors with audio functions. Television and radio programs are another useful method of teaching geography. Movies are also a popular teaching method. In addition to helping students remember important information, teaching methods offer additional benefits. Used properly, they help attract and retain students' attention. Audio or visual media can be very useful for supporting a subject and the combination of audio and visual stimuli is particularly effective because the two most important senses are involved (Burrow, 1986). Teachers need to remember that they are like idea sellers and that it is worth considering many of the best sales techniques that attract the attention of potential customers. It is clear that one of the main objectives of all courses is that students have as much knowledge as possible on the subject, especially on the most important points. Many studies have attempted to determine the extent to which teaching methods serve this purpose. Values ​​reported in the studies vary considerably, ranging from modest results, which show an increase in retention of 10 to 15%, to more optimistic results in which retention is increased up to 80% (Burrow, 1986).
The efficiency of the tools and the ease of preparation can be increased by planning them first as a draft. Revisions and changes are easier to accomplish now than after completion. The basic draft must be carefully checked for technical accuracy, correct terminology, grammar, spelling, basic balance, clarity and simplicity. Teaching materials should also be reviewed to see if their use in the training environment is feasible and appropriate for students.
However, the state of the education system in Nigeria is not encouraging, as classrooms, teaching materials, laboratories and libraries, and teacher qualifications are inadequate.
This contributes to poor school curricula and teaching methods. The purpose of this research is to assess the state of teaching practice in Nigeria and to examine teaching methods, particularly with regard to the Ovum Aba Secondary School.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Project Topics

   The efficient and effective management of any organization lies in the abilities of the top management, to put in place measures that would ensure constant greater productivity and a comfortable working relationship between management and the subordinates. Consequently, motivation has often been an effective tool used by managers and administrators to boost productivity and commitment among members of staff in any organization.

          The word “motivation’’ according to R’eem (2011) is derived from the Latin word ‘motus’ a form of verb ‘movere’ which means to move, influence affect and excite. Strivastava and Bhatia (2013:18), defined motivation as an action that triggers, propels and directs human behaviour and how this behaviour is preserved to achieve a particular goal.  Mostly in secondary schools, principals are main administrators of staff and students, the motivational strategies and the ways they are employed by the administrators can impact positively or negatively on the attainment of the organizational goals depending on the administrative and managerial style of the principal.

          Since teachers are the most important factors in determining the quality of education that students receives. Teachers’ motivation has an important effect on students their satisfaction and fulfillment for this reason, teachers are to be given proper care so as to bring out their best in delivering their services hence human resources are considered the most important factor of production. Teachers are vital component of school administration that is why, the Federal government of Nigeria made it clear in her National Policy on Education FRN (2004), that the purpose of teacher education should be to produce highly motivated, conscious and efficient classroom teachers. The Federal Government of Nigeria introduced training programmes, workshops, seminar that will enhance the motivation of staff for better success.

          In most cases, when teachers are motivated, they perform better than when they are not. Oguru (2000) opined that, there are two types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to self generated factors that influence people to behave in a particular way e.g responsibility, freedom to act, scope to use and develop skills and abilities, interesting and challenging task and opportunity for advancement. While extrinsic motivation can be defined as what is done to people to motivate them in areas of their work, for example, rewards like increased pay, praise or promotion etc. Obi (2003) stated that, a well motivated and flexible work force can be achieved by a coherent approach to developing strategies in the area of raising teachers’ salaries without stream lining the payment system. When this is done,  it will provide an environment that is conducive for the satisfaction of various needs of teachers as to be dedicated in performing their task of teaching as well as empowering them to give high quality outputs and avoid wastage in terms of dropouts, carryover and failures  by students as the case may be. It is a fact that, without dedicated, satisfied and motivated teachers, there will be no base for support and stability of education.

          According to Ogbonnaya (2005), education is the bedrock of all developments. As such, the importance of education to a nation’s development cannot be over emphasized so also the importance of teachers who are the pillars in the stability and sustainability of education. But it is quite unfortunate that the contemporary teachers keep complaining of poor conditions of service and lack of status in the society and that could be attributed to irregular payment, lack of fringe benefits, lack of promotion and other awards or appraisal that should be given to them to make life better. It is a fact that Nigerian society attaches no value to teachers that is why most parents do not want their children to join teaching profession. They are seen by their counterparts as, people who are poor and wretched. However, staff motivation as a tool can be defined as a method of course of action, or an instrument by which an act can be accomplished. It is an instrument used in performance of operation.
          In addition, effectiveness generally refers to the extent to which the organization realized its goals or achieved its purpose for establishment. It is about doing the right thing in the teaching process so that at the end of the teaching, the objectives of the lessons are achieved. (Awotu-Efobo, 1999). The right thing in administrative process could only be done if teachers are motivated to attend to their regular duties.

EDITOR'S SOURCE: Child/Basic Education Project Topics