WICKEDNESS! Ethnic clash averted as Hausa youths murdered a Yoruba man in Lagos (Page 5)

CONTRIBUTION OF MUSLIMS AND ISLAMIC WORLD TO MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:-- Muslim scientists made significant
advances in the sciences. They placed far
greater emphasis on
the Greeks. This led to an early scientific
method being developed in the Muslim
world, where significant progress in
methodology was made, beginning with
the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham
(Alhazen) on
optics from circa 1000, in his
Book of Optics. The most important

development of the scientific method was
the use of experiments to distinguish
between competing scientific theories set
within a generally empirical orientation,
which began among
Muslim scientists. Ibn
al-Haytham is also regarded as the father
of optics, especially for his empirical proof
of the
intromission theory of light. Some
have also described Ibn al-Haytham as the
"first scientist" for his development of the
modern scientific method. The
mathematician al-Khwārizmī, from whose
name the word algorithm derives, is
considered to be the father of algebra
(which is named after his book, kitab al-jabr). Recent studies show that it is
very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists
were aware of advanced
decagonal
quasicrystal geometry (discovered half a
millennium later in 1970s and 1980s in
West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture. Muslim
mathematicians also made several
refinements to the
Arabic numerals, such
as the introduction of decimal point
notation.
Muslim physicians contributed significantly
to the field of medicine, including the
subjects of
anatomy and physiology: such
as in the 15th century Persian work by
Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas
entitled Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the
body) which contained comprehensive
diagrams of the body's structural,
nervous
and circulatory systems; or in the work of
the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who
proposed the theory of
pulmonary
circulation. Avicenna's The Canon of
Medicine remained an authoritative
medical textbook in Europe until the 18th
century.
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (also
known as Abulcasis) contributed to the
discipline of medical
surgery with his Kitab
al-Tasrif ("Book of Concessions"), a medical
encyclopedia which was later translated to
Latin and used in European and Muslim
medical schools for centuries. Other
medical advancements came in the fields
of pharmacology and pharmacy.
In astronomy, Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-
Ḥarrānī al-Battānī improved the precision
of the measurement of the precession of
the Earth's axis. The corrections made to
the geocentric model by al-Battani,
Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mu'ayyad al-
Din al-'Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later
incorporated into the Copernican
heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories
were also discussed by several other
Muslim astronomers such as Abū Rayḥān
al-Bīrūnī, Sijzi, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, and Najm
al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī. The astrolabe,
though originally developed by the Greeks,
was perfected by Islamic astronomers and
engineers, and was subsequently brought
to Europe.
Muslim chemists and alchemists played an
important role in the foundation of
[citation needed]modern chemistry.
Scholars such as Will Durant and Alexander
von Humboldt regard Muslim chemists to
be the founders of chemistry. In particular,
Jābir ibn Hayyān is regarded as the "father
of chemistry". The works of Arab chemists
influenced
Roger Bacon (who introduced
the empirical method to Europe, strongly
influenced by his reading of Arabic
writers), and later
Isaac Newton. A number
of chemical processes (particularly in
alchemy) and distillation techniques (such
as the production of alcohol) were
developed in the Muslim world and then
spread to Europe.
Some of the most famous scientists from
the Islamic world include Jābir ibn Hayyān
[citation(polymath, father of chemistry)
needed], al-Farabi (polymath), Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (father of modern surgery), Ibn al-Haytham (universal genius, father of
optics, founder of psychophysics and experimental psychology, pioneer of
[citationscientific method, "first scientist") needed], Abū Ray'ān al-Bīrūnī (universal genius, father of Indology and
[citation needed]geodesy , "first
anthropologist"), Avicenna (universal
genius, father of momentum and
modern medicine), Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
(polymath), and Ibn Khaldun (father of
demography, cultural history,historiography, the philosophy of
history, sociology, and the social
sciences), among many others. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world